Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Thermodynamics Calculation of PHA Production in Microbes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Introduction to Thermodynamics and its Application to PHA Synthesis
1.3 PHA Synthesis Under Aerobic Conditions
1.4 PHA Synthesis under Anaerobic Conditions
1.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 2: Mathematical Modelling for Advanced PHA Biosynthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Kinetics of PHA Biosynthesis
2.3 Mathematical Modelling of PHA Biosynthesis
2.4 Metabolic Pathway and Flux Analysis Methods in Modelling of PHA Biosynthesis
2.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 3: Interconnection between PHA and Stress Robustness of Bacteria
3.1 Importance of Stress Robustness for Bacteria
3.2 PHA and stress induced by high temperature
3.3 Protective Functions of PHA Against Low Temperature and Freezing
3.4 Osmoprotective Function of PHA Granules
3.5 Protective Function of PHA Against Radiation
3.6 Oxidative Stress and PHA
3.7 Stress Induced by Heavy Metals and other Xenobiotics and PHA Metabolism
3.8 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 4: Linking Salinity to Microbial Biopolyesters Biosynthesis: Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Haloarchaea and Halophilic Eubacteria
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Halophilic microbes producing PHA
4.3 PHA production by Halophilic Archaea ("Haloarchaea")
4.4 Gram-Negative Halophilic Eubacteria as PHA Producers
4.5 Gram-positive halophilic PHA producers
4.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 5: Role of Different Bioreactor Types and Feeding Regimes in Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Process Optimization for PHA Production
5.3 Reactor Operating Strategies for PHA Production
5.4 Nutrient Feeding Regimes for PHA Production
5.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 6: Recovery of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Microbial Biomass
6.1 Introduction
6.2 PHA Recovery Methods
6.3 Mechanical Methods
6.4 Biological Recovery Methods
6.5 Physical Purification Methods
6.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 7: Polyhydroxyalkanoates by Mixed Microbial Cultures: The Journey so Far and Challenges Ahead
7.1 The Journey so Far
7.2 Definition of MMCs
7.3 A Little Bit of History
7.4 What Do We Know about PHA by MMCs?
7.5 Presently Accepted Strategies
7.6. Microorganisms and Metabolism
7.7. Challenges Ahead
7.8. Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 8: PHA Production by Microbial Mixed Cultures and Organic Waste of Urban Origin: Pilot Scale Evidences
8.1. Introduction
8.2. MMC-PHA Production in the Urban Biorefinery Model
8.3. Pilot Scale Studies for Urban Waste Conversion into PHA
8.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 9: Production Quality Control of Mixed Culture Poly(3-Hydroxbutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends Using Full-Scale Municipal Activated Sludge and Non-Chlorinated Solvent Extraction
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and methods
9.3 Results and Discussion
9.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 10: Economics and Industrial Aspects of PHA Production
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Brief History of PHA
10.3 Physical Properties
10.4 Cost and Economics
References

Chapter 11: Next Generation Industrial Biotechnology (NGIB) for PHA Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2. Chassis for NGIB
11.3. Production of PHA by Halophiles
11.4. Genetic Tools for Halophile Engineering
11.5. Engineering Halomonas spp. for PHA production
11.6. Morphology Engineering for Easy Separation
11.7. Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 12: PHA Biosynthesis Starting from Sucrose and Materials from Sugar Industry
12.1. Introduction of Sucrose for PHA production
12.2. Use of Molasses for PHA Production
12.3. Bacterial strains for PHA production from sucrose
12.4. Setting up a biorefinery to produce PHA in Brazil
12.5. A new Biorefinery for PHA Production in Brazil
12.6. Conclusions and Outlook
References

Chapter 13: LCA, Sustainability and Techno-economic Studies for PHA Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Economic Analysis
13.3 Sustainability of PHA Production
13.4. Conclusions and Outlook
References